前4千年

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前4千年标志着人类文化的大改变。它是青铜时代的开始，書寫亦在此时发明。The city states of Sumer and the kingdom of Egypt are established and grow to prominence. Agriculture spreads widely across Eurasia. 世界人口在本千年增加了一倍，大约从700万人增加到时1400万人。

[编辑] 事件

• Sumerian city of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC); Sumerian hegemony in Mesopotamia, with the development of writing around the same time as the Indus Valley Civilization, base-60 mathematics, astronomy and astrology, civil law, complex hydrology, the sailboat, the wheel, and the potter's wheel, 4000–2000 BC.
• Epoch of the modern Hebrew Calendar occurred on 7 October 3761 BC.
• Jewish chronology dates Creation to September 25 or March 29 3760 BC.
• First to Fourth dynasty of Kish in Mesopotamia.
• Ötzi the Iceman dies near the present-day border between Austria and Italy c. 3300 BC, only to be discovered in 1991 buried in a glacier of the Ötztal Alps. His cause of death is believed to be homicide.
• New Stone Age people in Ireland build the 250,000 ton Newgrange solar observatory c. 3200 BC.
• Neolithic settlement built at Skara Brae in the Orkney Islands, Scotland.
• 3000 BC – Menes unifies Upper and Lower Egypt, and a new capital is erected at Memphis.
• 发现银。
• The beginnings of Iberian civilizations, arrival to the peninsula dating as far back as 4000 BC.

[编辑] 文化

• 美索不达米亚
  • 苏美
  • Proto-Elamite
• 欧洲新石器时代和西部欧亚大陆。
  • 克里特岛: 迈诺斯文明兴起。
  • The Yamna culture ("Kurgan culture"), succeeding the Sredny Stog culture is the locus of the Proto-Indo-Europeans according to the Kurgan hypothesis
  • The Maykop culture of the Caucasus, contemporary to the Kurgan culture, is a candidate for the origin of bronze production and thus the Bronze Age.
  • Vinca culture
• 印度次大陆
  • Mehrgarh III-VI
• 非洲
  • Naqada culture on the Nile, 4000–3000 BC. First hieroglyphs appear thus far around 3500 BC as found on labels in a ruler's tomb at Abydos.
  • Nok culture, situated at the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers

[编辑] 环境变化

Based on studies by glaciologist Lonnie Thompson (professor at Ohio State University and researcher with the Byrd Polar Research Center) [1] a number of indicators shows there were a global change in climate 5,200 years ago:

• The climate was altered suddenly with severe impacts.
• Plants buried in the Quelccaya ice cap in the Peruvian Andes demonstrate the climate had shifted suddenly and severely to capture the plants and preserve them until now.
• A man trapped in an Alpine glacier ("Oetzi") is frozen until his discovery in 1991.
• Tree rings from Ireland and England show this was their driest period.
• Ice core records showing the ratio of two oxygen isotopes retrieved from the ice fields atop Africa’s Mount Kilimanjaro, a proxy for atmospheric temperature at the time snow fell.
• Major changes in plant pollen uncovered from lakebed cores in South America.
• Record lowest levels of methane retrieved from ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica.
• Beginning of desertification of Sahara (35th century BC). The shift by the Sahara Desert from a habitable region to a barren desert.

[编辑] 重大人物

• 冰人奥兹生活在约前3300年。
• predynastic pharaohs, Tiu, Thesh, Hsekiu, Wazner
• 埃及早王国时代的法老，Ro, Serket, 纳尔迈

[编辑] 发明、发现、传入

• Beginnings of urbanisation in Mesopotamia with the Sumerians.
• 埃及出现第一座城市。 (前35世纪).
• First writings in the cities of Uruk and Susa (cuneiform writings). Hieroglyphs in Egypt.
• Kurgan culture of what is now southern Russia and Ukraine domesticates the horse.
• Potter's wheel used in Middle East.
• 尼罗河上开始使用帆船。
• Construction in England of the Sweet Track, the World's first known engineered roadway.
• Drainage and sewage system in India
• 水坝, 运河, stone sculptures using inclined plane and lever in Sumer
• 使用铜，既用作工具也用作武器。
• 使用青铜，specifically by the Maykop culture.
• 马斯塔巴, 埃及金字塔的前身。
• 最早期的巨石阵（一个圆形的土堤岸和沟渠），可以追溯到约前3100年。
• The Céide Fields in Ireland, arguably the oldest field system in world, are developed.

[编辑] 小说和神话

• 据玛雅历法，前3114年8月11日或8月13日，地球被创造。(establishing that date as day zero of the Long Count 13.0.0.0.0).
• 朝鲜神话: According to Silla scholar Bak Jesang (박제상), 桓国(桓國) 于约前3898年瓦解。
• 印度神话, the Epoch of the Kali Yuga occurred at midnight (00:00) on 18 February 3102 BC, the traditional death of Krishna.

[编辑] 世纪

• 前40世纪
• 前39世纪
• 前38世纪
• 前37世纪
• 前36世纪
• 前35世纪
• 前34世纪
• 前33世纪
• 前32世纪
• 前31世纪

[编辑] 链接

• 前3200年气候变化