卡尔十四世·约翰
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让-巴蒂斯特·贝尔纳多特(法语:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte) (1763年1月26日—1844年3月8日),生于法国波城,1804年晋封法国元帅,1810年被选为瑞典王储,1818年以卡尔十四世·约翰(瑞典语: Karl XIV Johan)的名号加冕为瑞典国王与挪威国王,在位至1844年去世。
[编辑] 早年贝尔纳多特生于法国加斯科涅的波城,是当地检察官亨利·贝尔纳多特与让娜·圣让之子。他的教名为让·巴蒂斯特(Jean-Baptiste),后来贝尔纳多特又加上源于恺撒的Jules,in the classicizing spirit of the French Revolution)。他家族的姓氏原为 Deu Pouey,在17世纪初改为贝尔纳多特。 [编辑] 军旅生涯贝尔纳多特于1780年9月3日加入法军,成为王家海军军团的一名上等兵,在科西嘉开始服役。1789年法国大革命爆发后,他展露出的军事天才使他节节高升。1792年,他被提升为上校,到了1794年,他已经成为Sambre与Meuse军的准将。1794年6月26日,在儒尔当将军麾下效力的贝尔纳多特为取得弗勒吕斯会战的胜利立下赫赫战功,此后他成为方面军的将军。1796年,他为新败于奥地利卡尔大公的法军成功撤过莱茵河立下头功。1797年,他奉命率部从莱茵方面增援在意大利作战的拿破仑,在塔格利亚门图(Tagliamento)的作战中表现极为出色。1798年,他作为大使前往维也纳,奥地利人扯下使馆的三色旗后,以离职迫使奥地利屈服。 1798年8月16日,贝尔纳多特与德茜蕾·克拉里(Désirée Clary,1777年~1860年)结婚。德茜蕾是马赛一位丝绸商人的女儿,她的姐姐茱莉·克拉里(Julie Clary)是拿破仑长兄约瑟夫·波拿巴的妻子。7月2日至9月14日,贝尔纳多特任法国陆军部长,展现出极大的才能。在此期间他与波拿巴党保持距离,并拒绝为拿破仑在1799年11月发动的雾月政变提供帮助。1800年1月,他被任命为参议员。1800年4月至8月18日,他在旺代担任西方军团司令。 拿破仑建立法兰西第一帝国后,晋封贝尔纳多特等十八人为帝国元帅。1804年6月至1805年9月期间,贝尔纳多特在新近占领的汉诺威担任当地总督。在1805年的第二次法奥战争中,贝尔纳多特率领驻扎在汉诺威的第一军与友军协作,将马克指挥的奥地利军队合围在乌尔姆。因着他在奥斯特里茨会战中的效劳,拿破仑封他为蓬特科沃亲王。但是,在同年对普鲁士的作战中,贝尔纳多特的第一军在耶拿—奥尔施塔特双重会战爆发时距离两个战场都近在咫尺,却无所作为,遭拿破仑严厉斥责。1808年,贝尔纳多特任汉萨同盟总督。在对奥地利的作战中,贝尔纳多特率领萨克森军参加了1809年6月6日的瓦格拉姆会战,因作战不力被拿破仑解职。 [编辑] 成为瑞典王储愤怒的贝尔纳多特返回巴黎,内阁会议仍然信任他,并任命他担负起在荷兰防御英国的责任。1810年,在他正准备前往罗马担任总督时,他意外地获知他被选为瑞典国王卡尔十三世的继承人。这是因为大部分瑞典军人考虑到未来可能与俄国发生军事冲突,因此倾向于由一位军人出任未来的国王,另外也部分因为贝尔纳多特在丹麦的作战中对瑞典战俘相当友善,这为他在瑞典赢得了名誉。这件事是由一位瑞典大臣——Karl Otto Mörner完全出于个人动机独自决策的,并将瑞典王位继承权的提议告诉贝尔纳多特。贝尔纳多特将Mörner的提议转告了拿破仑,后者觉得整件事情实在荒谬。贝尔纳多特于是告知Mörner,如果他正式当选,他不会拒绝这一荣誉。瑞典政府惊讶于Mörner的无耻行动,当他返回瑞典时立刻将他逮捕,不过贝尔纳多特在瑞典最终还是得到了支持。1810年8月21日,他被选举为王储和摄政,统帅瑞典军队。[1] [编辑] 瑞典王储与摄政11月2日,贝尔纳多特在斯德戈尔摩正式登陆,11月5日,他接受了议会的拜谒,并被卡尔十三世国王收为养子,改名为“卡尔·约翰”(Karl Johan,Charles John)。这位新王储很快就成为全瑞典最受欢迎并且最有权势的人。老弱的国王和议会的终结使得政府大权,特别是外交事务,完全落入他的手中。他的整个政策以占领挪威为核心。很快,贝尔纳多特就证明了他完全不是法国人的傀儡:1813年,他使瑞典与英国和普鲁士——法国的敌人结为第六次反法联盟。After the defeats of Lützen (2 May 1813) and Bautzen (21 May 1813), it was the Swedish crown prince who put fresh heart into the allies; and at the conference of Trachenberg he drew up the general plan for the campaign which began after the expiration of the Truce of Plaswitz. Charles John, as commander-in-chief of the northern army, successfully defended the approaches to Berlin against Oudinot in August and against Ney in September at the Battles of Grossbeeren and Dennewitz; but after Leipzig he went his own way, determined at all hazards to cripple Denmark and secure Norway. [编辑] 瑞典与挪威国王As unional king, Charles XIV John, who succeeded to that title in 1818 following the death of Charles XIII, was popular in both countries. Though his ultra-conservative views were detested, and as far as possible opposed, especially after 1823, his dynasty was never in serious danger, and Swedes and Norwegians alike were proud of a monarch with a European reputation. It is true that the Riksdag of the Estates of 1840 meditated compelling him to abdicate, but the storm blew over and his jubilee was celebrated with great enthusiasm in 1843. His reign saw the completion of the southern Göta Canal begun 22 years earlier to link Lake Vänern to the sea at Söderköping 180 miles to the east. Though he converted from Catholicism to the Lutheranism of the Swedish court on his adoption, he never learned to speak Swedish nor Norwegian. This in itself was not a serious obstacle for either King or Court. The Court had no problem with speaking French as it had been a favourite language of the aristocracy for many years and was widely spoken in those days. Template:Infobox swedenkstyles He died at Stockholm on March 8, 1844. His reign was one of uninterrupted peace, and the great material development of the two kingdoms during the first half of the 19th century was largely due to his energy and foresight. He was succeeded by his son, Oscar I of Sweden and Norway. The main street of Oslo, Karl Johans gate is named after him. The Fortress of Karlsborg (Karlsborgs fästning) located in Karlsborg Municipality (Karlsborgs kommun) in Västra Götaland, was named by him after Charles XIII, his adoptive father. According to a popular myth, after his death a tattoo was found on Charles XIV John's body saying "Mort aux rois!" ("Death to kings!") which, according to the myth, was made during the French Revolution. However, no evidence of this exists, and it is most likely to be false. Also, it has been claimed that in his latter days he said: "I, who once was a marshal of France, became only the king of Sweden."[來源請求] [编辑] 直系继承人Following only the male lines of the thrones of Sweden, Charles is the male-line ancestor to the heirs of that nation.
Henri Bernadotte, father of Charles XIV John, is therefore a great(x6)-grandfather to Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden. [编辑] 参见 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||


