阿波罗13号
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阿波罗13号是由美国国家航空航天局（NASA）发射的第三艘载人登月宇宙飞船，在阿波罗载人登月计划中是第7次执行载人任务。阿波罗13号发射于1970年4月11日。阿波罗13号在计划中是第3次登月的任务，但是由于飞船在抵达月球前发生的严重故障，无法执行登月计划，3名宇航员最终成功返回地球。
[编辑] 任务成员
[编辑] 替补成员
[编辑] 支持团队成员
[编辑] 任务数据[编辑] 氧气罐爆炸[编辑] 距月球最近点[编辑] 请参看[编辑] 名言阿波罗 13 號在發生狀況的時候曾經對地上的休斯頓指揮站回報了一句非常有名的話，說「休斯頓，我們出問題了（Houston, we have a problem）」。這句話後來不斷地被各種星際任務相關的電視節目與電影拿來諷刺跟惡搞，變成了整個任務裡面最有名的一句話。 不過，上述的這句通常被引用的句子其實不太正確。當時講出來的真正句子應該是：「好，休斯頓，我們這邊已經出問題了（Okay, Houston, we've had a problem here）」，出自斯威格特之口。稍後洛威尔則回報了一句類似的話：「休斯頓，我們已經出問題了（Houston, we've had a problem）」。 [编辑] Mission highlightsThe Apollo 13 mission began with a lesser known malfunction which could have been equally catastrophic. During second stage burn the center engine shut down prematurely. Engineers later discovered that this was due to dangerous pogo oscillations which might have torn the second stage apart; the engine was experiencing 68g vibrations at 16 hertz, flexing the thrust frame by 3 inches. Luckily the oscillations caused a low pressure reading to register, and the computer shut the engine down automatically. This was later traced to amplification of the pogo that had occurred on previous flights by an unexpected interaction with the cavitation in the turbopumps. Later missions had anti-pogo devices as had already been planned since before Apollo 13 which solved the problem. When Apollo 13 was 321,860 kilometers (199,990 mi) from Earth, an oxygen tank in the service module exploded. The only solution was for the crew to cancel their planned landing, swing around the Moon and return on a trajectory back to Earth. However, because their command/service module "Odyssey" was severely damaged, the three astronauts had to use the lunar module "Aquarius" as a crowded lifeboat for the return home. The four-day return trip was cold, uncomfortable, and tense. But Apollo 13 proved the program's ability to weather a major crisis and bring the crew back home safely. [编辑] ProblemAs the spacecraft was on its way to the Moon, the number two oxygen tank in the Service Module (SM) exploded when Mission Control requested that the crew perform a "cryo stir", in which the oxygen "slush" is stirred to prevent it from stratifying. Teflon insulation covering damaged electrical wires powering the stirrer motor caught fire when power was applied. The fire caused a pressure increase above the tank's nominal 1,000 lbf/in² (7 MPa), and the tank exploded. This explosion damaged other parts of the service module, including the number 1 oxygen tank. At the time of the explosion, however, the true cause was not known; one conjecture was a meteoroid impact. The loss of both oxygen tanks in the service module and thus the oxygen required to create electrical power for the Command/Service Modules (CSM) meant that the CSM had to be completely shut down. The Command Module (CM) contained batteries for use during re-entry, after the Service Module was jettisoned, but these would only last about ten hours, and needed to be saved for re-entry. The crew survived by using the Lunar Module (LM, still attached to the CM) as a "lifeboat". 
The damage to the CSM meant that the Moon-landing mission (originally intended to land at the Fra Mauro Highlands) had to be aborted; a single pass around the Moon was made and the spacecraft returned to Earth. Considerable ingenuity under extreme pressure was required from both the crew and the flight controllers to figure out how to jury rig the craft for the crew's safe return, with much of the world watching the drama on television. One of the major stumbling blocks in this was that the LM "lifeboat" was equipped to sustain two people for two days, and it would now have to sustain three people for four days. One of the most critical problems was that the lithium hydroxide carbon dioxide filters in the LM would not last for all four days, and the CM's spare filters were the wrong shape for the LM's filter receptacle; an adapter had to be fabricated from materials in the spacecraft. To accomplish a safe return to Earth, a significant course correction to place the spacecraft on a free return trajectory was required. This would normally be a simple procedure using the service module propulsion engine. However, the flight controllers did not know the extent of the damage the service module had suffered and did not want to risk firing the main engine. Instead, the course correction would have to be performed by firing the lunar module's descent engine. After extensive discussion, engineers on the ground found it was possible. The initial maneuver to change to a free return trajectory was made within hours of the accident. The descent engine was fired again after passage around the Moon in order to accelerate the spacecraft's return to Earth, and later for a minor course correction. As re-entry to Earth's atmosphere approached, NASA took the unusual step of jettisoning the Service Module first, while the Lunar Module was still attached to the Command Module. The LM thrusters were used to maneuver the CM/LM stack to point its windows at the departing SM, and photos were taken. When the crew saw the damaged service module, they reported that the access panel covering the O2 tanks and fuel cells had been blown off. There was some fear that the extensive condensation in the CM, due to reduced temperatures during the return leg, might have seriously damaged the electronics of the Command Module, which would become apparent upon activation. But the equipment worked perfectly when activated, at least partly due to the extensive design modifications made to the CM after the Apollo 1 fire. 
The crew returned unharmed to Earth, although Haise had a urinary tract infection resulting from the scarcity of potable water on the damaged ship and the difficulty of disposing of urine, and had to be treated in an infirmary. While the crew was unfortunate to have this kind of major malfunction, they were still extremely lucky that it occurred on the first leg of the mission when they had a maximum of supplies, equipment, and power to use in the emergency. If the explosion had occurred while in orbit around the moon, or on the return leg after the LM had been jettisoned, the crew probably would not have survived. After the completion of the mission, there was a full investigation of the incident and the craft was modified to prevent future occurrences of the fault. Jim Lovell and Jeffrey Kluger's book about the mission, Lost Moon, was later turned into a successful movie, Apollo 13, starring Tom Hanks, Bill Paxton and Kevin Bacon as the Apollo crewmen. [编辑] Cause of the accidentThe explosion on Apollo 13 led to a lengthy investigation of the underlying cause. Thanks to detailed manufacturing records and logs of mission problems, the failure of the faulty oxygen tank was tracked to multiple faults that were not problems individually, but nearly led to disaster on this mission. Liquid gases are very difficult to handle, and most storage containers holding them are unsealed so that pressure from expanding gas will not cause the container to fail (much like freezing water in even the strongest sealed container will shatter it). Apollo's liquid oxygen tank was a marvel of engineering, able to hold several hundred pounds of highly pressurized liquid gas to supply the craft with oxygen, fuel for electricity (along with hydrogen) and water from the by-product of the fuel cells. Left alone, the tank was capable of safely holding liquid oxygen under high pressure for years before it evaporated because of its design and insulation. Unfortunately, the very characteristic that made the tank useful made internal inspection impossible. The tank was made of several basic components that were relevant to the accident:
These were the basic design, manufacturing and operational problems that led to the accident.
[编辑] Mission notes
[编辑] 徽章阿波罗13号的徽章上有3匹奔马，题词Ex luna, scientia(来自月球的知识)，以及罗马数字的任务数字(13)。和阿波罗11号的徽章一起，两次任务的徽章是阿波罗计划各次任务徽章中仅有的没有任务成员名字的(考虑到发射前3天有任务成员的替换，这算得上是一次幸运的例外)。 [编辑] RelicsThe command module is currently displayed at the Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center, Hutchinson, Kansas. It was formerly at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, Paris. The lunar module burned up in Earth's atmosphere 17 April, 1970, having been targeted to enter over the Pacific Ocean to reduce the possibility of contamination from a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) on board (had the mission proceeded as planned, the RTG would have been used to power the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package, and then remained on the Moon). The RTG survived reentry (as designed) and landed in the Tonga Trench. While it will remain radioactive for approximately 2000 years, it does not appear to be releasing radioactive material. [编辑] Dramatization
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